What is a Security Breach?

First of all, let’s have a look at the definitions. A security breach is when an intruder bypasses security mechanisms and gets access to data, apps, networks, or devices. Despite their close relations, there’s a difference between security breaches and data breaches. A security breach is more about getting access as such – like breaking into someone’s house. On the other hand, the data breach results from a security breach – as the latter may aim at tasks other than leaking data. It is instead a specific consequence of security breaches.

What are the types of Security Breaches?

Threat actors may create a security breach in different ways, depending on their victim and intentions. Here are the three most important ones.

1. Malware injection

Cybercriminals often employ malicious software to infiltrate protected systems. Viruses, spyware, and other malicious software are transmitted via email or downloaded from the Internet. For instance, you might receive an email that contains an attachment – generally, an MS Office document. Moreover opening that file can end up infecting your PC. You may also download a malicious program from the Internet without any tricky approaches. Often hackers will target your computer to get money and steal your data, which they can sell on the Darknet or other appropriate places.

2. Man-in-the-Middle-attack

As the name says, the assailant’s route is in the middle. Now we’ll determine what it means. Also hacker can intercept communications between two parties, which results in one party receiving a false message, or the entire communication log may be compromised. Such an attack is often carried out due to hacked network equipment, such as a router. However, some malware examples may fit that purpose as well.

3. Insider threat

Insider threat is the danger of a person from within the company using their position to utilize their authorized access to commit a cybercrime. This harm can include malicious, negligent, or accidental actions that negatively affect the organization’s security, confidentiality, or availability. Other stakeholders may find this general definition more appropriate and valuable to their organization. CISA defines an insider threat as the danger that an insider will knowingly or unknowingly misuse his authorized access. It does so to harm the department’s mission, resources, personnel, facilities, information, equipment, networks, or systems. This danger can be manifested through the following behaviors of insiders:

• Corruption, including participation in transnational organized crime
• Terrorism
• Sabotage
• Unauthorized disclosure of information

4. Advanced persistent threat

An advanced persistent threat is a persistent cyberattack that employs advanced tactics to remain undetected in a network for an extended time to steal information. An APT attack is meticulously planned and executed to infiltrate a specific organization, circumvent existing security measures and remain undetected. Also APT attacks are more complex and require more advanced planning than traditional cyberattacks. Adversaries are typically well-funded, experienced teams of cybercriminals that target organizations with a high value. They’ve devoted significant time and resources to investigating and identifying vulnerabilities within the organization.

Examples of Security Breaches

Recent high-profile breaches include:

• Facebook: In 2021, the personal information of over half a billion Facebook users was leaked, including phone numbers, dates of birth, locations, email addresses, and more. As a result, the attack was a zero-day exploit that allowed hackers to harvest a large amount of data from the company’s servers.
• Equifax: In 2017, the US credit bureau Equifax experienced a security breach via a third-party software vulnerability that was similar to the EternalBlue exploit. Fraudsters gained access to the personal information of over 160 million people; this is considered one of the most significant identity theft cyber crimes to date.
• Yahoo!: In 2016, 200 million Yahoo users were active. A schedule of usernames and passwords for Amazon accounts posted for sale on the dark web. Yahoo! The company blamed the breach on “state-sponsored hackers,” who could manipulate cookie data to gain access to user accounts.
• eBay: In 2014, it experienced a severe security breach resulting in the widespread disclosure of personal information.

How to help Protect yourself from a Security Breach

Monitor your accounts and devices

After a security incident, closely monitor your accounts and devices for any unusual activity. If one is present, ask the site administrator to suspend your account and help prevent the threat actor from accessing it.

Change your passwords

Choose complex passwords on all devices that need configuring. Ensure that you pay special attention to routers and utilize public Wi-Fi. Remember to update your password frequently. The password must include all upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters.

Contact your financial institution

Contact your bank immediately to prevent fraudulent transactions if your credit card or other financial information is compromised. They can tell you what the problem is and how to fix it. Sometimes, it may take time to resolve issues with your card. The best thing to do in these cases is to block your card so that fraudsters can’t withdraw money from it.

Perform an antivirus scan

If someone has gained access to your computer or home network, they may be infected with malware. Use a reliable antivirus software to identify and remove any threats that may be present. Run an initial scan to determine if your computer has any issues or bugs. Depending on the scan you run, it may take time for the scan to complete. The default is to run a quick scan. The standard scan is recommended, but it takes longer.

Report the incident to the appropriate authorities

Contact your local law enforcement agency if you’ve been the victim of identity theft or fraud. They will assist you in the necessary steps to regain control over your accounts.

You should know that avoiding any attack is possible if you take the proper steps to protect yourself. This requires creating strong passwords, using two-factor authentication, and keeping track of your credentials with a strong password manager.

Good digital hygiene also includes using comprehensive security and privacy software to prevent threats from infiltrating your devices and protecting your data. This makes it harder for hackers to enter your device, get your data, and sell it on third-party paywalls.

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Knowing about cybersecurity threats is crucial because it livens up the safety measures. In addition, when you’re aware of what is up against you on the Internet, you understand the meaning of cybersecurity.

The following article is not a list of cybersecurity threats in a strictly scientific sense. Instead, we have gathered some of the trending phenomena from modern cyber-warfare (some of them are threats indeed) to present them in the form of an explanatory dictionary.

#1. Hacking Attacks

Any activity toward getting unauthorized access to and control over computers, data storage, online servers, websites, etc., is called “hacking”. The term is old, and hacking computer systems does not necessarily imply going online, although it mostly happens on the Internet nowadays.

Hacking cybersecurity threats may involve malicious software (malware¹) but not necessarily, since social engineering, i.e., trespassing digital security by deception, using human and not computer vulnerabilities, can be seen as a form of hacking.

Hacking started as idle entertainment but evolved into a lucrative cybercriminal industry. Counteracting potential crooks and developing anti-malware software is now an indispensable element of modern computer technology.

#2. Malware Attacks

“Malware” is a portmanteau for malicious software. There are different ways to classify unwanted programs. Some security specialists distinguish between software that does actual harm and annoying applications that can be easily detected and removed from a device by a standard procedure. Other experts consider unwanted programs and malware synonyms.

Harmful software can itself be classified according to different criteria. For example, Malware may be a file or non-file entity executed via scripts when no code is saved on the targeted device.

Malware files can be the ones that trespass the defenses of the victim system, or they can be downloaded later by the former. As for the infectious agents, these can be viruses, worms, or Trojans. Other types might emerge too, but these three are the most widespread. Besides, viruses ², which gave malware its first collective name, are obsolete nowadays. But do you know the difference between malware and virus?

The functions of malware are immense. It can collect data, destroy or tamper with it, flood users with unwanted advertising, etc. However, the vilest malware these days is arguably ransomware.

Trojan Horse (Cybersecurity Threat)

Trojan horse, or just Trojan³ is a term that describes the way malware ends up on the victim’s device. It is incorrect to say “Trojan virus,” as Trojans are essentially not computer viruses; the latter are self-replicating pieces of code. Trojans, unlike that, are shaped as “normal” files, and they do not clone themselves. What is specific about them is that users install Trojans themselves, mistaking them for what this malware tries to seem. This disguising is what gave Trojans their name (remember Odyssey’s clever way to get beyond the walls of Troy.)

When the Trojan is already “behind the enemy lines,” it can execute one of many possible functions. It can either deliver its malicious payload or download additional malware, and one doesn’t exclude the other.

#3. Ransomware Attacks

Ransomware⁴ are a kind of malware that encrypts data on the victim’s device. It provides instructions on how to pay ransom in cryptocurrency to the crooks, who promise to deliver a decryption key to the injured side in return.

Trojans usually deliver ransomware. Victims often catch this infection from email attachments, malicious links in messages, or unchecked downloads from dangerous websites. Ransomware encodes data files, such as text documents, images, and videos, after which all the encrypted files get an additional extension to their names. As a result, the user cannot read the files until they are decrypted.

Ransomware attacks have become a functioning business model for crooks within the last several years. State governments have started a real war on ransomware. The US authorities have started shutting down black markets where hackers have been selling ransomware as a service.

MedusaLocker Ransomware

MedusaLocker is classic ransomware with one mean peculiarity. Unlike the majority of ransomware operators, who would love to have the publicity of “trustworthy thieves,” racketeers behind MedusaLocker don’t give the decryption key to the victims, who pay ransom to them. Jeopardizing the whole business scheme, MedusaLocker developers are another illustration of the advice not to negotiate with the terrorist.

#4. Formjacking Cybersecurity Threat

A modern way of stealing money is to get a copy of the credit card details an unaware user inputs in a payment form, let us say, at an online shop. As the shopper confirms the credit card details, a copy of the entered data immediately goes right to the crooks. This vile procedure requires injecting a malicious JavaScript code into the third party’s payment form, usually not the website itself. Hackers can use the same technique to steal logins and passwords with the subsequent identity theft.

#5. Password Attacks

Password attacks are the sum of measures hackers may undertake to pick a password to a password-protected account or device, considering that they do not have that password and do not have any software to obtain it precisely. Therefore, password attacks are attempts to guess the password using computer powers to do it as fast as possible. The most “fair” method is a brute force attack when the machine bluntly tries all possible password variants until it guesses it.

A strong password might take thousands of years to break. But, of course, it is not about trying every value without any relation to what is being hacked. For example, There are usually sets of words and numbers that are more likely to be the correct password in every particular case. That is what the machine does: it realistically varies the entered values.

#6. Cryptojacking Malware

Since cryptocurrency strengthened its position in the world economy, hackers have been developing ways to benefit from other people’s resources. Bitcoins and other tokens are produced via mining – solving the cryptographic problems by the obtaining machine. Thus, criminals sought to enslave as many computers on the Web as possible for their remote mining farms. They found different methods for crypto-jacking (that’s what this process is called.)

The two most common ways to exploit remote machines for cryptocurrency mining are infecting them with so-called coin miners (mostly Trojans) or making them run coin-mining scripts. Precaution measures against these cybersecurity threats are known and familiar – be careful around questionable email attachments and links.

#7. Man-in-the-middle attack (MITM)

Spoofing a wi-fi networkname allows crooks to lure their victims into a network fitted with data-collecting software or even hardware. The user’s incoming and outbound traffic gets into the crooks’ possession. This spying scheme is called man-in-the-middle. It can equally serve criminals to attack a specific target or conduct identity theft of random persons, unlucky to fall into their trap.

#8. Cloud Vulnerabilities

Users consider cloud storage an excellent and convenient place to keep their data and have their hard drives back up there. That is true! But is the cloud safe? People seldom care about cloud data security because they do not expect anyone to hunt for their information. However, any company with competitors or an influential person should know that there are vulnerabilities in cloud services.

Some of them are trivial, like the absence of two-factor authentication, which can allow someone to get someone to benefit from a logged-in machine. Others involve commands written in inner script languages of the cloud services, DDoS attacks, compromising APIs, and other vulnerabilities that raise questions about the security of cloud services.

#9. Botnet Cybersecurity Threat

A botnet⁵ is a network of compromised computers that act in concert to perform various possible actions. Each botnet host is a computer with specialized software installed and running on it, usually unbeknownst to the user. Regardless of what the botnet does, the botnets, in general, are mostly vile. These networks are used for posting commentaries on social media, creating DDoS attacks, mining cryptocurrency, distributing malware, etc.

#10. Denial of Service (Dos) Attack

Denial of service Dos attack happens to a resource that is supposed to provide said service but gets overloaded by the enormous number of requests or receives crafted data that triggers the crash. This type of attack is usually undertaken against websites of business competitors, political opponents, ideological enemies, or other states’ critical resources by the cybersecurity threats from the opposing countries.

If a DoS assault involves multiple attackers (real people or a botnet), it is called distributed denial of service (DDoS.) An international hacktivist group Anonymous is well known for its capacity for quick organization of massive DDoS attacks. However, the usage of VPNs and onion routing makes tracking of attackers virtually impossible.

#11. Spam Cybersecurity Threat

Spam is a well-known practice of throwing unwanted and unneeded advertising at random users. However, if earlier spam was a type of advertising and fraud, the hackers later caught on and started using spam to spread malware. The combination of spam and malware distribution is called malspam. The difference between malspam and hacking attacks involving email is that the former is a wild distribution of dangerous attachments in random mailing sprees.

#12. Phishing Attack

Phishing is a hacking technique that does not necessarily involve malware at all! The attack’s name comes from the word “fishing,” with letters changed to distinguish it from real fishing. But the point is similar. Hackers use social engineering, in other words – skillful deception, to make victims think that people who address them are some trustworthy company or person. But it is very important not to confuse the difference between phishing and pharming!

After such a connection is established, criminals lure unaware users into providing their credentials (login, password, credit card details, etc.) Without knowing the real identity of the asker, victims can bear considerable losses up to identity theft. Therefore, education and vigilance are the best countermeasures to such attacks.

#13. Spoofing Cybersecurity Threats

Spoofing is undividable from phishing. For example, imagine someone who impersonates a police officer to make you lend him your car. That person says there is phishing, while his fake uniform and the policeman’s badge are spoofing. Likewise, email letterhead, email address, web page appearance, website address, wi-fi network name, browser shortcut and interface, and whatnot can be an object of spoofing.

Experienced users are likely to distinguish a genuine webpage from a spoofed one. There are also basic rules of Internet communication that can safeguard users from buying into deceptive baits. However, the problem is that phishing generally targets inexperienced users.

#14. SQL Injection (SQLi) Cybersecurity Threats

SQL code injection is one of the common ways of hacking websites and data-driven software. It exploits software vulnerabilities that allow a specially crafted piece of SQL code to override the intended principles of the program and grant hackers access to the data from a database to which they don’t have legal access.

The vulnerability emerges because the flaws in programming may result in SQL requests being read and executed as commands out of correct context in certain conditions. Knowing these conditions and how to exploit them makes SQL injection attack possible.

#15. Rootkit Malware Attack

Rootkits are the programs that perfectly fit the definition and popular idea of a hacking tool. Rootkits are strongly associated with malware. Cybercriminals use them to reach the data closed for the user with the current level of access. As the tool’s name reveals, it aims to provide its user with access to the very core of the system, its root.

This kind of software grants evil-doers a broad scope of opportunities: collecting information from the system, controlling the system, and masking the objects within it. Modern security software automatically clears the known rootkits attack, but it will be a problem for an average user to detect and delete.

#16. Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)

Nation-state threat actors gaining unauthorized access to computer systems and remaining undetected for a long time are designated as advanced persistent cybersecurity threats. APTs are among the most disturbing menaces in the modern digital world because they target countries’ vital industries like banks, electronic election systems, electric energy supply, etc. Moreover, being legalized in their own countries, nation-state threat actors are well-equipped, and they aim to harm , not make money like the ransomware operators. That radically distinguishes APTs from the other threats.

#17. Backdoor Attacks

A backdoor is a way of bypassing standard authentication or encryption processes in a device or a program. The item’s name in question speaks for itself; it is a vulnerability of a program, but it is left there on purpose. It allows hackers (who are, in the case of a backdoor, the very developers of the software containing it) to get quick and free access to data or even control over the system.

A backdoor is not necessarily a hacking instrument; it might be a tool for emergency troubleshooting. However, hackers use backdoors introduced via seemingly ordinary applications (in fact – Trojans) to fetch additional malware beyond the security perimeter of the operating system. Luckily, backdoors are recognizable, and anti-malware systems manage to detect them.

#18. Darknet Cybersecurity Threats

Darknet is not a cybersecurity threat, but it sounds menacing. However, it would be false to say that the darknet has no relation to cybersecurity threats. It is more of a place where designers and users of malware meet and communicate. Darknet is an anonymous overlay peer-to-peer file-sharing network (existing within the Internet) wherein connections are only established between trusted peers and via non-standard ports and protocols. Access to the darknet is only possible via special software, like Tor Browser. While the dark web is associated with illegal activity, accessing and browsing the dark web is legal. We recommend interesting useful tips for the darknet from Gridinsoft.

Darknet is associated with black markets, cybercrime, and terrorism, well-protected privacy, freedom of thought, and liberty from governmental control. Beware of these dangerous cybersecurity threats!

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